Krisha Hospital

Don’t let rheumatoid hand deformity limit your movement

Rheumatoid hand deformity

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    What is rheumatoid hand deformity?

    Rheumatoid hand deformity refers to the physical changes that occur in the joints of the hands due to the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In RA, the body’s immune system attacks the synovium (lining of the joints), causing inflammation that eventually leads to joint damage, deformities, and functional limitations. These deformities can severely affect a person’s ability to perform simple tasks, such as gripping, writing, or typing.

    Over time, the inflammation may cause tendon damage, joint misalignment, and muscle weakness, leading to deformities such as ulnar deviation, swan-neck deformity, boutonnière deformity, and others.

    Rheumatoid Hand Deformity, રુમેટોઇડ હાથની વિકૃતિ

    Types of rheumatoid hand deformities

    Ulnar deviation:

    • The fingers are pulled towards the little finger due to damage to the tendons and ligaments.
    • Common in the wrists and knuckles, this condition leads to misalignment of the fingers.

    Swan-neck deformity:

    • This occurs when the middle joint of the finger bends backward (hyperextension), while the tip of the finger bends downward.
    • It creates an abnormal “swan-neck” appearance and reduces the functionality of the affected fingers.

    Boutonnière deformity:

    • Characterized by the middle joint of the finger bending downward while the tip of the finger remains straight.
    • It occurs due to damage to the central slip tendon.

    Z-Thumb deformity:

    • A misalignment of the thumb joint, often caused by damage to the tendons and ligaments in the thumb.
    • The thumb may bend at a sharp angle, leading to difficulty with grasping.

    Joint instability:

    • As RA progresses, the joints may become unstable, leading to dislocation or misalignment of the bones.

    Symptoms of rheumatoid hand deformity

    The symptoms of rheumatoid hand deformity develop gradually and may worsen over time if left untreated. Common symptoms include:

    • Pain: A deep, throbbing pain in the hands, particularly during movement or after resting.
    • Swelling: Inflamed joints cause visible swelling, making the hands feel stiff and less mobile.
    • Stiffness: Especially in the mornings or after periods of inactivity, the hands may feel stiff and difficult to move.
    • Limited range of motion: Joint damage can severely reduce the ability to fully open or close the hand.
    • Numbness or Tingling: Damage to the nerves surrounding the affected joints may lead to sensations of numbness or tingling.
    • Visible deformities: Over time, the joints may become misaligned, leading to deformities such as ulnar deviation (fingers pulled towards the little finger) or swan-neck deformity (finger bends unnaturally).

    Causes of rheumatoid hand deformity

    The primary cause of rheumatoid hand deformity is rheumatoid arthritis, which itself is caused by a malfunction in the body’s immune system. In RA, the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, particularly the synovium, causing inflammation in the joints. The inflammation damages the joints and tendons, leading to deformities over time.

    Additional contributing factors include:

    • Genetic factors: A family history of rheumatoid arthritis can increase the likelihood of developing hand deformities.
    • Environmental triggers: Smoking and exposure to certain infections or toxins can trigger RA in genetically predisposed individuals.
    • Chronic inflammation: Ongoing inflammation can erode cartilage and bone, contributing to deformities and loss of joint function.

    Risks of rheumatoid hand deformity

    Several factors can increase the risk of developing severe rheumatoid hand deformities:

    • Delayed diagnosis: If rheumatoid arthritis is not diagnosed and treated early, it can progress and lead to joint damage.
    • Poor disease management: Inadequate control of inflammation through medications or therapies can result in progressive deformities.
    • Joint damage: Persistent joint damage from untreated or poorly managed RA can lead to irreversible deformities, reducing the ability to use the hands effectively.
    • Age: RA typically starts between the ages of 30 and 60, and the risk of developing deformities increases with age.
    • Gender: Women are more likely than men to develop rheumatoid arthritis and its associated hand deformities.

    How is rheumatoid hand deformity diagnosed?

    A precise and early diagnosis is critical for managing rheumatoid hand deformities effectively and preventing further joint damage. Diagnosing rheumatoid hand deformity typically involves the following steps:

    1. Medical history & Physical examination

    • Medical history: Your doctor will begin by asking about your symptoms, including the onset and duration of pain, swelling, and stiffness. They will also ask about any family history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or other autoimmune conditions.

    • Physical examination: The healthcare provider will examine your hands for visible signs of deformity, swelling, warmth, and tenderness in the affected joints. They will also assess the range of motion in your fingers, wrists, and thumbs, noting any limitations or stiffness. The doctor may look for characteristic deformities like ulnar deviation, swan-neck deformity, or boutonnière deformity.

    2. Blood tests

    • Rheumatoid Factor (RF): This is an antibody that is commonly found in the blood of people with RA. However, not all people with RA test positive for RF, and some individuals without RA may test positive.

    • Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies (ACPA): ACPA are antibodies that are more specific to RA and can often be detected in the early stages of the disease.

    • Other inflammatory markers: Elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are signs of inflammation and can help confirm the presence of an active inflammatory process.

    3. Imaging tests

    • X-rays: X-rays are often used to assess the extent of joint damage and deformity. They can reveal signs of bone erosion, joint space narrowing, and deformities caused by RA. This helps determine the severity of the condition.

    • Ultrasound: Ultrasound can be used to assess the soft tissues around the joints, identifying signs of inflammation, fluid accumulation, or tendon damage that may not be visible on X-rays.

    • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI is particularly useful in detecting early joint damage, soft tissue involvement (such as tendon inflammation), and assessing the severity of inflammation.

    • Arthroscopy: In some cases, an arthroscope may be used for a detailed examination of the joint’s interior. This minimally invasive procedure allows the doctor to visualize damage to the joint surfaces and surrounding tissues.

    4. Joint aspiration & analysis

    • If there is significant swelling or fluid accumulation in the joints, your doctor may perform joint aspiration (synovial fluid aspiration) to remove fluid from the affected joint. The fluid is then analyzed for signs of infection, inflammation, or crystal deposits. This can help confirm a diagnosis of RA and rule out other conditions like gout or infection.

    Rheumatoid hand deformity treatment in Ahmedabad

    Non-surgical treatments

    1. Medications

    • Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs):

      • DMARDs, such as methotrexate, sulfasalazine, or leflunomide, slow the progression of rheumatoid arthritis by suppressing the immune system, reducing joint inflammation, and preventing long-term joint damage.

      • Cons: Side effects may include nausea, liver toxicity, bone marrow suppression, and an increased risk of infections. Regular blood tests are required to monitor these risks.

    • Biologic agents:

      • Biologics target specific parts of the immune system responsible for inflammation. Common biologics include TNF inhibitors (e.g., etanercept, infliximab) and IL-6 inhibitors (e.g., tocilizumab).

      • Cons: Biologic treatments are expensive and may increase the risk of serious infections, cancers, and other complications. They require regular monitoring and may not be suitable for everyone.

    • Corticosteroids (Steroids):

      • Steroids such as prednisone can quickly reduce inflammation, providing relief from pain and swelling in the hands.

      • Cons: Long-term use of corticosteroids can cause side effects like weight gain, osteoporosis, high blood pressure, diabetes, and a higher risk of infections. They are generally used for short-term flare-ups.

    • Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs):

      • Over-the-counter medications like ibuprofen or naproxen are commonly used to alleviate pain and reduce inflammation.

      • Cons: Chronic use of NSAIDs can lead to gastrointestinal problems (e.g., ulcers, bleeding), kidney damage, and cardiovascular issues. They are not a long-term solution for disease management.

    2. Physical therapy

    • Physical therapy involves exercises and techniques to improve joint flexibility, muscle strength, and the overall range of motion. A tailored program of exercises may help to prevent stiffness and maintain hand function.

    • Cons: Requires ongoing commitment from the patient. Overdoing exercises or incorrect movements could exacerbate symptoms or lead to new injuries.

    3. Occupational therapy

    • Occupational therapy helps individuals adapt their environment and daily tasks to minimize strain on the affected joints. It includes techniques to improve the ability to perform everyday activities and may include the use of adaptive devices and splints.

    • Cons: Adaptation to new techniques or devices may be challenging for some, and there can be a period of discomfort as the body adjusts to changes. Results may take time to manifest.

    4. Splinting & Orthotics

    • Splints and orthotic devices can support and stabilize the joints, reduce inflammation, and help in preventing deformities from worsening. These are often used for the wrist, thumb, or fingers.

    • Cons: Some people find splints uncomfortable, especially when worn for long periods. Overuse may also lead to muscle weakness or stiffness if not combined with physical therapy.

    5. Joint protection strategies

    • Educating the patient on joint protection strategies involves techniques for reducing the strain on joints during daily activities (e.g., using large muscle groups for lifting or avoiding repetitive motions).

    • Cons: Requires a proactive and consistent approach from the patient, which can be difficult to maintain. It may take time to form new habits and strategies.

    While non-surgical treatments can help manage symptoms and provide temporary relief, they don’t address the underlying structural issues caused by severe rheumatoid arthritis. Over time, joint function can worsen, and deformities may become more debilitating.

    In such cases, surgery may offer a more permanent solution by restoring function, preventing further damage, and improving quality of life. Surgical options can repair or replace damaged joints and tendons, providing lasting relief that non-surgical treatments can’t fully achieve.

    Surgical treatments

    Surgical options for rheumatoid hand deformities are generally considered when non-surgical treatments fail to provide relief or when deformities become so severe that they significantly impair hand function. The goal of surgery is to restore joint function, reduce pain, prevent further damage, and improve quality of life. Below are some of the key surgical options:

    1. Tendon repair & reconstruction

    • What it is: Tendon damage is a common complication of rheumatoid arthritis, as the inflammation can weaken or even rupture tendons that control finger and wrist movements. Tendon repair or reconstruction involves surgically repairing or reconstructing these damaged tendons to restore proper function.

    • When it’s needed: This procedure is typically required when tendon damage causes significant weakness, impaired movement, or deformities in the hand, such as a loss of finger extension or wrist instability.

    • Procedure: The surgeon may either repair the torn tendon directly or use a tendon graft (often from another part of the body or a donor tendon) to replace the damaged tissue.

    • Recovery: After tendon repair, the hand will be immobilized for a period to allow healing. Physical therapy is often required to regain movement and strength.

    2. Joint fusion (Arthrodesis)

    • What it is: Joint fusion involves surgically joining two or more bones in a joint to eliminate motion in that joint. While this procedure removes joint movement, it can relieve pain and provide much-needed stability, especially when a joint has been severely damaged by rheumatoid arthritis.

    • When it’s needed: Joint fusion is often performed when the joint is so damaged that replacing the joint is not viable, or when the pain and instability caused by movement are intolerable. It is commonly performed in the wrist, thumb, or finger joints.

    • Procedure: The surgeon will remove the damaged joint surfaces and use plates, screws, or pins to hold the bones in place until they fuse. Over time, the bones grow together, forming a stable, pain-free unit.

    • Recovery: Recovery from joint fusion can take several months, and the patient may need to wear a cast or splint to protect the joint while the bones heal. Full recovery may require rehabilitation to restore function in the surrounding muscles and tissues.

    3. Joint replacement (Arthroplasty)

    • What it is: Joint replacement involves removing a damaged joint and replacing it with an artificial implant made of materials such as metal, plastic, or ceramic. This procedure is usually reserved for joints that have undergone significant damage due to rheumatoid arthritis and cannot be repaired or fused effectively.

    • When it’s needed: Joint replacement is typically performed in cases where the joint has sustained severe damage, causing persistent pain, loss of mobility, and deformities that non-surgical methods cannot address. The fingers, wrists, and thumb joints are commonly treated with joint replacement.

    • Procedure: During the surgery, the surgeon will remove the damaged bone and cartilage, and then insert an artificial implant that mimics the natural function of the joint. The implant will be anchored to the bones using screws or cement.

    • Recovery: The recovery process can take several months, and rehabilitation is necessary to restore strength, mobility, and functionality. The implanted joint is designed to last for many years, but wear and tear may require future revisions.

    4. Corrective Osteotomy

    • What it is: Corrective osteotomy involves surgically cutting and realigning bones to improve joint function and appearance. This procedure is performed when bones become misaligned due to rheumatoid arthritis, leading to deformities that affect the hand’s function.

    • When it’s needed: Osteotomy is often used when the deformity involves joint misalignment but the joint itself is not severely damaged. It can be particularly beneficial in cases of ulnar deviation (when fingers bend toward the little finger) or swan-neck deformity (when the finger becomes hyperextended at the middle joint).

    • Procedure: The surgeon will make an incision to access the bone, then cut and reposition it to restore the proper alignment. In some cases, plates, screws, or pins may be used to stabilize the bone during healing.

    • Recovery: Post-surgery, the patient will need to immobilize the hand to allow proper bone healing. Physical therapy is essential to regain the full range of motion, strength, and function.

    Recovery after rheumatoid hand deformity treatment

    Recovery depends on the type and extent of treatment used. After surgical interventions, patients may require:

    • Rehabilitation: Physical and occupational therapy will be crucial to regain strength and functionality in the hands.

    • Pain management: Pain relief methods such as medications, ice packs, or rest will be important during recovery.

    • Follow-up care: Regular checkups will help monitor progress and ensure proper healing.

    Prevention of rheumatoid hand deformity

    While it’s impossible to completely prevent rheumatoid arthritis, early intervention and effective management can reduce the risk of developing severe hand deformities. Steps include:

    • Early diagnosis & treatment: Identifying rheumatoid arthritis early and starting treatment promptly can prevent long-term damage.

    • Regular monitoring: Keeping track of RA symptoms and joint health can help manage the disease more effectively.

    • Lifestyle modifications: Maintaining a healthy weight, quitting smoking, and staying active can help manage inflammation and reduce stress on joints.

    What makes us the best hospital for rheumatoid hand deformity treatment in Ahmedabad?

    We are dedicated to providing exceptional care for patients with rheumatoid hand deformity. Here’s why we are considered the best choice for rheumatoid hand deformity treatment in Ahmedabad:

    Expertise of Dr. Karn Maheshwari

    He is a highly skilled hand & wrist surgeon specialized in treating rheumatoid hand deformity. His specialized knowledge ensures that you receive the most effective treatment tailored to your individual needs.

    Personalized treatment plans

    We believe that no two patients are the same. Dr. Maheshwari tailors each treatment plan based on your specific symptoms, lifestyle, and preferences, ensuring you get the most effective and least invasive care possible.

    Minimally invasive surgery

    When surgery is necessary, we use the latest techniques to reduce scarring, shorten recovery times, and get you back to your daily activities faster.

    Comprehensive physiotherapy

    Our in-house physiotherapy team, led by Dr. Maheshwari, provides targeted rehabilitation exercises post-surgery to ensure optimal recovery and restore hand function as quickly as possible.

    State-of-the-art facility

    Our hospital is equipped with modern medical technologies, ensuring precise diagnostics and advanced treatment options for every patient.

    Patient-centric care

    From your first consultation to your follow-up care, our team is dedicated to providing a comfortable, compassionate experience. We prioritize open communication, answering all your questions and keeping you informed every step of the way.

    Awards & Achievements

    What our patients say about their hand treatment

    FAQs about rheumatoid hand deformity

    At Krisha Hand Hospital, we offer a comprehensive range of services for managing rheumatoid hand deformity. These include a thorough diagnosis, non-surgical treatments such as medication (DMARDs, biologics), corticosteroid injections, physical therapy, and splinting to manage inflammation and reduce pain. For severe deformities, we provide surgical options like tendon repair, joint fusion, joint replacement, and corrective osteotomy to restore function and improve quality of life.

    To schedule an appointment, you can call our hospital directly or book online through our website. Our team will assist you with scheduling and provide any additional information you may need regarding your consultation.

    During your first consultation, we will review your medical history and discuss your symptoms in detail. A physical examination of your hands and joints will be performed. Depending on your condition, we may recommend diagnostic tests such as blood tests (for rheumatoid factors), X-rays, or MRI scans to assess the extent of joint damage and plan appropriate treatment.

    Before your consultation, it is helpful to bring a list of any medications you are currently taking, as well as any relevant medical reports or previous imaging related to your hand or joint health. If you have experienced changes in hand function or deformities, it’s useful to track those symptoms.

    Yes, we accept a variety of insurance plans. We advise you to check with your insurance provider to confirm the coverage details for consultations, diagnostic tests, and treatments related to rheumatoid hand deformity.

    Recovery time can vary depending on the type of surgery performed. After tendon repair or joint replacement, patients may notice improvements in pain and hand function within weeks, but complete recovery might take a few months. A rehabilitation program, including physiotherapy, is essential for regaining strength and mobility. Our medical team will provide detailed post-operative care instructions tailored to your surgery.

    Yes, we offer physiotherapy services as part of our holistic treatment approach for rheumatoid hand deformity. Our experienced physiotherapists will work with you on exercises designed to improve joint mobility, strength, and function while managing pain and inflammation.

    Non-surgical treatments such as corticosteroid injections or splinting may be provided on the same day, depending on the severity of your condition. However, surgical procedures usually require a separate appointment for proper preparation and scheduling. We will discuss all available treatment options during your consultation.

    The wait time for surgery depends on the severity of your deformity, available surgical slots, and other factors. During your consultation, our team will discuss the expected timeline for surgery and guide you through the process.

    We offer a range of diagnostic tests for rheumatoid hand deformity, including blood tests (such as Rheumatoid Factor, ACPA), X-rays, MRI scans, and sometimes ultrasound. These tests help us assess the extent of joint damage, inflammation, and deformities to tailor an appropriate treatment plan for you.

    Before surgery, you may be asked to avoid smoking, alcohol, and blood-thinning medications, as they can affect the healing process. Our surgical team will provide you with personalized instructions to follow in the days leading up to your surgery.

    Patient safety is a top priority at Krisha Hand Hospital. We follow strict protocols during surgeries, including pre-operative assessments, sterilization practices, and continuous monitoring during and after surgery to minimize risks and ensure a safe and successful outcome.

    Most surgeries for rheumatoid hand deformity are outpatient procedures, meaning you can typically go home the same day. However, if there are complications or specific concerns, an overnight stay may be recommended for closer monitoring.